This study presents evidence about the direct and indirect economic effects of the rural telecommunications industry. The direct effects consider the industry from the perspective of national income accounting (the approach used to calculate the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measure). The indirect economic effects are not measured in income accounting.
Caption
Bucket-wheel excavators mine rare earth materials on Ukrainian soil on February 25, 2025, in the Zhytomyr region of Ukraine. (Kostiantyn Liberov via Getty Images)